a. Full Seminar Agenda
b. Opening Remarks
c. Participants List and Contact Information
d. Unedited Working Group Presentations
e. Summary of Conference Evaluations

a. Full Seminar Agenda:

b. Opening Remarks:

Gerard "Pete" Bradford, III
Director, Center of Excellence

Barbara Howald
Training Advisor, Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance

Shawn Bardwell
InterAction (for Jim Bishop)

Traditional Responders: Non-Traditional Roles
Talking Points for Gerard "Pete" Bradford
3 February 2003

Aloha and good morning. Thanks, Tom for that nice introduction.

As Tom said, my name is Pete Bradford and I am the Director of the Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance, one of the co-sponsors of this event, along with the Office of US Foreign Disaster Assistance (my alma mater!) and InterAction.

On behalf of the United States Pacific Command, and the staff of the Center of Excellence, I'd like to take this opportunity to extend a warm welcome to each and every one of you. And I'm sure warm is a truly a welcome feeling for some of you that have come from another climate.

It really is a great treat for me to see so many dear friends and colleagues from my days at OFDA. However, my joy is tempered by the fact that we are gathered together in the beautiful Hawaiian islands to examine a subject that is virtually the antithesis of paradise, namely the threat of Chemical, Biological, Radiological Nuclear and high yield Explosives - or CBRNE. Yet in view of the current world situation, it is paramount that we in the humanitarian community better understand the implications of operating in CBRNE contaminated environments and to discuss our roles, capabilities, and potential limitations.

There is no denying the increasing importance of the topic we are here to discuss. It is evidence enough just glancing around the room at the many different agencies and organizations on the international humanitarian scene, both civilian and military, that have committed human and financial resources from overstretched staffs and budgets to be here this week.

The distinctions between a CBRNE event and those to which the NGO community have traditionally responded to present unique challenges and risks for which no doctrine or guidelines currently exist. Over the next three days, you will have the opportunity to air questions and concerns about responding to emergencies with potential CBRNE dimensions. While we are not here to arrive at final solutions, with the benefit the numerous civilian and military experts in the room, we can identify key issues and recommendations for follow up that will help bolster your organizations response capacity and that of the broader humanitarian community.

I'd like to thank the other sponsors for helping to make this important seminar possible, and all of you for taking time from your busy schedules to be with us this week. As we say in Hawaii, Mahalo!

Opening remarks by Barbara Howald, Training Advisor,
OFDA at the OFDA/COE/Interaction/CDC Seminar
3 February 2003

On behalf of the Director of OFDA Bear McConnell and Deputy Director Tamra Halmrast-Sanchez I would like to welcome and thank you for coming all the way to Hawaii to attend this seminar (ahem). They would like me to convey that they are personally very sorry not to be able to attend.

OFDA is pleased to be co-hosting this seminar with the Center of Excellence and Interaction and CDC. With Terrorism as one of the biggest threats in the world today, the implications for civil targets have increased frighteningly. Michelle Jennings of OFDA's Military Liaison Unit reminded us last week that the world can no longer consider the use of weapons of mass destruction as "low probability, high consequences" - the threat is now "high probability, high consequences."

As we at OFDA prepare for potential deployment to the Gulf region, we have spent weeks training our own staff and DART members form other parts of the U.S. Government. Some staff of NGOs in the Washington area in fact have also participated in the training we have organized for our teams. Many of the organizations represented in this room are long-time partners of USAID, and we are pleased to be able to work with you to test this seminar/game as a potential model for further support to NGOs around the world. We have important technical expertise in this room and an equally expert NGO audience. We expect that the discussions will be intense and that they'll generate unanswerable questions as well as immediately actionable ideas. If participants leave the seminar with a better idea of how they can respond to disasters in a CBRN environment and plan future operations in high-risk areas - - we will consider this seminar a success.

Once again, welcome, and we are happy that you are here.

Talking points for Jim Bishop, InterAction (speech given by Shawn Bardwell)
February 3, 2002

Good morning everyone, it is with regret that I am unable to be with you as you confront this troublesome issue...as well as missing out on CoE hospitality and the warmth of Honolulu.

I would like to start off by thanking the Center of Excellence, USAID's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for making this event possible; it has been a long road to its realization. Pete Bradford continues to be a steadfast friend of the NGO community, as do Roger Winter and Bear McConnell. I would also like to thank all the participants, subject matter experts, and observers for taking the time from your busy schedules to explore this topic. I would like to particularly thank Captain Joe Hughart who has been the enthusiastic technical lynchpin who has kept OFDA and InterAction's efforts to address CBRN issues together through the CBRN Working Group.

I have been an advocate for confronting CBRN issues within the humanitarian context for a number of years. It has been a hard sell. It is gratifying to see many others come to this conclusion. It is ironic that the threat of the use of WMDs is part of the reason I have to stay in Washington helping our members prepare for what may confront them in Iraq rather than joining you in learning something practical.

Going down this road will require augmentation of our current skills and capacities. Attitudes also will have to change. And you will have to become change agents within your own structures if this initiative is to be successful.

Without a doubt, obtaining and successfully communicating reliable information for all will be a defining hurdle to overcome if we are to close the gap between the human needs that could arise and the capacity necessary to administer assistance. We must also make every effort to consider prevention and the long-term effects in addition to the lesser-known slow-onset events that effect thousands on a daily basis. And lastly, we will need to keep this issue in our minds beyond the immediate concern of an intentional release of CBRN contaminants and remember that those impacted by unintentional technical disasters, such as Chernobyl or Bhopal, will need assistance as well.

I clearly appreciate the interest and commitment which has brought you to Honolulu. I hope you will come up with a solid list of questions that we in the humanitarian community can use to prepare ourselves for these unnerving possibilities. You do not have an easy task ahead of you, but you do have many of the necessary resources around you at this moment to make a substantial start.

I look forward to hearing of your progress.

Good luck to all of you,

Jim Bishop

c. Participants List and Contact Information

PARTICIPANT CONTACT LIST

- Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

- Government Organizations, International Organizations, and Academia

- Conference Staff

- Special Guests

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs):

Abla, Caroline
International Medical Corps (IMC)
cabla@imcworldwide.org
t. (202) 548-0835
f. (202) 548-0904

Bardwell, Shawn
InterAction
sbardwell@interaction.org
t. (202) 667-8227
f. (202) 667-8236

Bickley, Shaun
RedR
shaunb@trickylocations.com
t. (440207) 233-3116

Bowers, Bernice
Northeast Asia Forum
bernice@neaforum.org
t. (808) 521-9044
f. (808) 536-1931

Brennan, Richard
International Rescue Committee (IRC)
rbrennan@theirc.org
(212) 551-3019

Cressman, Don
Air Serv International
dcressman@airserv.org
t. (540) 428-2323
f. (540) 428-2326

Cox, Jim
United Methodist Committee on Relief (UMCOR)
jcox@umcor.org
t. (202) 584-2777
f. (202) 544-4116

DiCarlo, Joseph
Northwest Medical Teams (NWMT)
jdicarlo@nwmti.org
t. (503) 624-1029
f. (503) 624-1001

Hennemeyer, Chris
Catholic Relief Services (CRS)
chennemeyer@catholicrelief.org
t. (310) 775-1392
f. (410) 234-3189

Hoggard, John T.
Northwest Medical Teams (NWMT)
jdicarlo@nwmti.org
t. (503) 624-1029
f. (503) 624-1001

Kelly, Charles
Benfield Greig Hazard Research
72734.2412@Compuserve.com
t. (301) 676-3301

Kelly, Dan
World Vision International (WVI)
kellyd@wva.org.au
t. (6141) 370-1002
f. (6139) 287-2561

Koh, Janice
Northeast Asia Forum
janis@neaforum.org
t. (808) 536-1539
f. (808) 536-1931

Messick, Shawn
Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF)
smessick@vi.org
t. (435) 635-1551
f. (435) 635-1551

O'Neill, Michael
Save the Children
moneill@dc.savechildren.org
t. (202) 261-4685
f. (202) 637-9362

Pafford, Bennett
CARE
bpafford@dc.care.org
t. 202-595-2800

Sigmond, Herbert
Medicine International (MI)
herbertsigmond@aol.com
t. (415) 663-9350

Sinha, Deepesh
Disaster Mitigation Institute (DMI)
dmi@icenet.net
t. (9179) 658-3607
t. (9179) 658-2962

Stinson, Mark
Relief International (RI)
stinsonmd@aol.com
t. (510) 787-4709

Wesbrock, Tina
Church World Service (CWS)
CWSSecur80@aol.com
t. (804) 448-2355
f. (804) 448-0845

Wesbrock, Terrance
Church World Service (CWS)
CWSSecur80@aol.com
(804) 448-2355
(804) 448-0845

Willcuts, Tammie
Save the Children
twillcuts@dc.savechildren.org
t. (202) 261-4676
f. (202) 637-9362

Wyles, Naomi
Operation USA
nwyles@opusa.org
t. (323) 658-8876
f. (323) 653-7846

Government Organizations, International Organizations, and Academia:

Berger, Bill
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)
wberger@usaid.gov
t. (977) 127-7829
f. (977) 128-1789

Bradford, Pete
Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE)
linda.cronan@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7331
f. (808) 433-1757

Buck, George
Center for Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (CDMHA)
gbuck@hsc.usf.edu
t. 813-974-1177

Cobb, Carl
Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE)
carl.cobb@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Cardozo, Barbara
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
bhc8@cdc.gov
t. (770) 488-4138

Clark, Allen
East-West Center
clarka@eastwestcenter.org

Downs, Kathleen
Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE)
kathleen.downs@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035

DiSorio, Marilyn
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
mrd2@cdc.gov
t. (770) 488-3519
f. (770) 488-7829

Effler, Paul
Department of Health, State of Hawaii
pveffler@mail.health.state.hi.us

Floyer-Acland, Richard
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
acland@unhcr.ch
t. (4122) 739-8409

Giannou, Chris Paul
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
cgiannou@icrc.org
t. (4122) 730-2279

Greco, Steve
Headquarters, US Pacific Command (HQ, USPACOM)
t. 808-477-0787

Halloran, Richard
Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE)
oranhall@hawaii.rr.com
t. (808) 395-0511

Hamilton, Doug
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
dhhamilton@cdc.gov
t. (404) 639-3689

Heddings, Raymond
Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA)
raymond.heddings@dtra.mil
t. (703) 325-7681

Hoffer, Edward
Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE)
edward.hoffer@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035

Hom-Holzman, Kim
Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE)
kim.holzman@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035

Howald, Barbara
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)
bhowald@usaid.gov
t. (202) 712-5588
f. (202) 712-3706

Hughart, Joe
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
jxh8@cdc.gov
t. (678) 655-5443
f. (678) 655-5343

Hughey, Erin
Center for Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (CDMHA)
ehughey@hsc.usf.edu
t. (813) 974-1177

Jennings, Michelle
Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA)
mjennings@usaid.gov
t. (202) 712-1879
f. (202) 216-3191

Kaufman, Arnold
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
afk1@cdc.gov
t. (770) 488-7631

Lewis, Brian
U.S. Department of State (DOS)
lewisbm@pmiso.org
t. (703) 875-4899
f. (703) 756-4890

Lewis, Jeff
Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE)
jeff.lewis@coe-dmha.org
(808) 433-7035

Lillibridge, Scott
University of Texas
slillibridge@sph.uth.tmc.edu
t. (713) 500-9421

Membrey, Graeme
Office of the UN Security Coordinator (UNSECOORD)
membrey@un.org
t. (917) 367-3042
f. (212) 963-4104

Otte, John
Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (COE)
john.otte@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Phillips, Stephanie
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations and Low Intensity Conflict (OASD/SOLIC)
Stephanie.Phillips@osd.mil
t. (703) 697-3294
f. (703) 697-4682

Tylenda, Carolyn (Capt)
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
cbt9@cdc.gov

Conference Staff:

Acosta, Joie (Rapporteur)
University of Hawaii (UH)

Chordas, Karol (Information Technology)
Center of Excellence (COE)
karol.chordas@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Clur, Paul (Rapporteur)
University of Hawaii (UH)

Cronan, Dia (Administration)
Center of Excellence (COE)
linda.cronan@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Faraj, Nancy (Rapporteur)
University of Hawaii (UH)

Fleming, Tom (Moderator)
Center of Excellence (COE)
tom.fleming@worldnet.att.net
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Hallett, Brien
University of Hawaii (UH)
bhallett@hawaii.edu

Hayden, Robin (Public Relations)
Center of Excellence (COE)
robin.hayden@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Kushima, Julie (Rapporteur)
University of Hawaii (UH)

Macalintal, Rod (Information Technology)
Center of Excellence (COE)
rod.macalintal@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Martel, Lise (Rapporteur)
University of Hawaii (UH)

McHale, Sharon (Conference Manager)
Center of Excellence (COE)
sharon.mchale@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Mendelsohn, Sacha (Rapporteur)
University of Hawaii (UH)

Miyamoto, Brian (Multimedia)
Center of Excellence (COE)
brian.miyamoto@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Oshiro, Mariko (Rapporteur)
University of Hawaii (UH)

Scarborough, Leslie
University of Hawaii (UH)
scarboro@hawaii.edu

Schenk, Rochelle (Administration Manager)
Center of Excellence
rochelle.schenk@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Uliasz, Jossie (Administration)
Center of Excellence (COE)
jossie.uliasz@coe-dmha.org
t. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Uson, Joe (Conference Manager)
Center of Excellence (COE)
Joe.uson@coe-dmha.orgt. (808) 433-7035
f. (808) 433-1757

Wallace, Doug (LTC) (Deputy-Director)
Center of Excellence (COE)
doug.wallace@coe-dmha.org
(808) 433-7035
(808) 433-1757

Special Guests:

Lowe, Ronald L, MG
United States Pacific Command Chief of Staff

Holzman, John C, Amb. (invited)
United States Pacific Command Foreign Policy Advisor

d. Unedited Day 3 Working Group Presentations

• Security and Protection
• Partnerships/Communications and Technical Expertise
• Training and Education
• Liabilities, Standards, Policies and Procedures
• Planning and Preparedness Considerations

e. Summary of Conference Evaluations

CBRNE seminar survey results
19 surveys completed of approximately 30 distributed

1. Did the seminar game meet all of the stated goals?

Yes: 16 (84%)
No: 3 (16%)

Comments:

• Good, but additional breakout sessions would be excellent.
• Plenary is too large to discuss all of the issues. Could have been more group work on the issues and the game.
• Objective 1: partially met, Objective 2: seminar not really designed to answer this, Objective 5: not addressed at all
• Although the discussions were very good, I think it would have been better to divide the group into smaller working groups in order to discuss and report back to a larger plenary session.
• Did fail to discuss radiological/nuclear/explosives, however, I'm glad to have spent the time and energy on the discussion in the other areas.

2. How was the length of the seminar?

Too long: 1 (should be 1 day) (5%)
Too short: 1 (should be 5 days) (5%), 3 (should be 4 days) (16%)
Just right: 13 (85%)

Comments:

• 2 games (moves) were enough. We got the same conclusions!
• It's hard to say since it wasn't completed.
• Just right for the initial meeting. Should be used as a catalyst for future sessions.

3. Were the presentation appropriate, useful, and what you expected?

Yes: 16 (84%)
No: 3 (16%)

Comments:

• Excellent overall
• Some were excellent. Lots of food for thought.
• Partially so - Stress and Media were too general, epidemiology and plague OK but minimally used because game was cut and/or discussion of steps in game was curtailed.
• Learned a great deal from each of the presentations.
• The last day was best.
• Day 3 has been most useful and met my expectations - practical, hands-on exposure, resource and training acquisition.
• I'm especially happy to learn that the participants will obtain CDs of the events.
• Some could have been more specific to NGO/IO issues and working situation.
• The adjustments made from day 1 to day 2 were much appreciated.
• Some were excellent, for instance, by Scott (Lillibridge).
• Mostly yes, although some dwelt a little too long on technical details.
• There was a wealth of info and the fact that the presentations/conference was flexible to address the needs of participants was very valuable.

4. Were there issues were not addressed, or not addressed in sufficient detail?

Yes: 5 (26%)
No: 8 (42%)
Neither circled: 6 (32%)

Comments:

• I think it was good that a redirection appeared to take place by Tuesday noon and carried through. It appears some preconceptions on the part of organizers (military side) were adjusted, thanks to their listening to several vocal persons from NGOs and the ICRC.
• The following did not seem to fit: "Common Operational Picture", "Mental Health" - no new information for NGOs.
• More issues were covered and approaching it from no knowledge, all was useful.
• Need NGO policy in dealing with CBRNE.
• I came as a learner and listener. The entire seminar was excellent in helping our NGO modify its current policies and protocols, as well as including CBRNE events.
• Mark Stinson's talk should be expanded in the future - it was great!
• As usual, more would have been better, but coverage in general was good.
• In addition to the formal sessions, the time spent with colleagues and SMEs was invaluable.
• Need more information on preventive measures (going upwind, wet cloth over face, etc.) that could be improvised to provide some measure of protection in unexpected contact environments.
• It is a good start on a long road. I still feel the need for more discussion and learning.

5. Expected product or results?

3 commented 'none', 'nothing' or 'what was delivered was what was expected.'
4 didn't respond.
12 responded with:

• Summary, recommendations on next steps, and contact information for CDC, COE, etc.
• Summary of ideas, suggestions and issues.
• Summary of outcomes, especially also a list of expert contacts for crisis information as discussed, transmission of main messages to CEOs and other principals, and effort to mainstream these messages.
• Given that the game was not completed, yet that good results were obtained on production of the final day. I wonder if the game was even necessary - overkill?
• The third day identification of issues and discussion will be a giant resource for future use.
• Cumulative results of working groups and forward movement in establishment of policies, procedures, and training, with the emphasis on forward movement.
• Follow-up on helping to facilitate more communication with the military.
• Summary notes, central resource of information on training and procurement of equipment.
• CD report of presentations, conclusions and web availability of same.
• CD-ROM, follow-up on website, links to others.
• Information about CBRNE training materials, case studies on best practices, updates from time to time, chance to use this information in practical (?) if it's required.
• The CD is valuable, also a list of who to call, on what, and where.

6. Did you find the information exchange and discussion useful?

Yes: 18 (95%)
No: 0
N/A: 1 (5%)

Comments:

• The networking is extremely valuable and the ability to share info in a neutral setting is valuable.
• Yes, it was good discussion
• Great contacts!
• Good mix of expertise, backgrounds, and organizations.
• Knowledge and experience of personnel in attendance was superb.
• Good balance of US government, military and NGOs.
• Very knowledgeable presenters.

7. Were other invitees appropriate and helpful?

Yes: 18 (95%)
No: 0
N/A: 1 (5%)

Comments:

• I understand the need for CEOs to attend, but I do not think that the exchange could have been as rich as it was with the many field experts who were present.
• Excellent cross-section of backgrounds and skills.
• A couple of people dominated the discussion.
• Good sharing of information and contacts.

8. Would you change any aspect of this seminar game?

Yes: 8 (42%)
No: 8 (42%)
No answer circled: 3 (15%)

Comments:

• Make NGO exercises compulsory, and exercises on CNRNE in particular
• Use the Day 2 facilitator approach from the beginning
• Focus more.
• Shorter, and more leadership in NGO personnel
• Increase length to 4 days.
• This is a good introduction event into the subject.
• (See earlier comment to Q 5 - game not completed and perhaps not necessary: overkill?)
• More group work.
• Get more input from NGOs on the design of the game.
• Make more time for smaller working groups.

9. Will you change what you're doing as a result of this seminar?

• I am going to advocate very strongly and document it, the need to develop appropriate policies ASAP, and have a dedicated staff person addressing these issues.
• Yes, documentation in ? of specific CNRNE policies, standards and operating procedures.
• Yes, in fact, I will work on training for my own staff of field workers and volunteer/disaster task forces.
• We will be more cognizant of CBRNE issues (beyond Iraq) in the formulation of policy, assessments and training.
• Yes, focus more on preparedness.
• Will try to get more info in the future. CBRNE has just hit my radar screen.
• Yes, more concern about training.
• Rethink and approach policies and procedures for CBRNE differently using new resources.
• Not really. We pretty much had a lot of this worked out, but we did pick up some powerful tidbits.
• Knowledge of NGO and IO roles improved dramatically. Will be able to use this knowledge in future interaction.
• Change yes...but not because of game (see comments on Qs 5 & 8 on objection to game)
• Greater awareness of importance of this subject, and greater knowledge of key contacts.
• Big rethink.
• I found the program to be educational. I am much more aware and knowledgeable about many issues related to NGOs - how they function, problems they face, etc.
• Yes, (put) more thought into what we are going to do as an NGO.
• With further development we will improve on our own policies and procedures.
• It gave me an appreciation of aspects of a CBRNE event that I had no thought of before.
• Definitely invest in more training and personal protection equipment.

10. How can the organizers further the issues surfaced in this seminar?

• Circulate key contacts for technical issues, persuade/engage appropriate bodies to develop standards.
• Come up with posters, informative brochures, web network. Also, update the information by taking updates from participants.
• Continue engagement in NGO needs and issues as we get deeper into CBRNE realities, and responding with future training.
• Web availability and further, more topical, training.
• Multimedia.
• Hosting an advanced working group seminar.
• Take back to parent organizations and use for future seminars.
• Assist dissemination of key messages in NGO/IO community.
• More awareness to the sector.
• Circulate a summary to senior management and organizations represented.

11. Was the logistical support adequate?

Yes: 18 (95%)
No: 0
No response circled: 1 (5%)

Comments:

• Extremely helpful staff.
• Excellent support.
• I did not have air travel support.
• Great job!
• Info at beginning was very sketchy. Method of applying and signing up was unusual.

12. Overall rating of the seminar:

Excellent: 17 (89%)
Good: 2 (11%)
Fair: 0
Poor: 0

13. Do you have any additional comments?

• A good use of three days. Well done!
• I will be happy to give my inputs in the future if required. I will try to use this experience in my organization and country (India) and send you information.
• Thanks to all for bringing together this disparate group and providing the space and opportunity to take advantage of this broad experience.
• This was an excellent conference - brought many of us together in a way that has not been done before. I'm on the beginning of the learning curve and intend to take advantage of any more such conferences that come my way.
• Thank you for the invitation. The COE staff lived up to its name - excellent. I also appreciated a perhaps new collaborative effort between USG, NGOs, DoD, etc. Dialoguing has been very good.
• On the first day I had some reservations but they were strongly addressed. This was a great first step. Good job!
• High quality of SME expertise made a very great contribution. Wealth of field experience also made a big difference.
• Thank you for the financial help. Would not have come without it!
• Thank you for allowing me to attend.