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1. Communication is the key aspect of command and control, and one of the most problematic issues on many levels. Most frequently problems with communication are manifested by the lack of a common language and a coincident lack of capability when a mission language is designated. Good intentions may be misinterpreted because of inadequate communications.

2. Communication is also a command and control issue when it is lacking between the mission and the local parties and population. Local leadership must be convinced of the legitimacy of the mission and supportive of the mission mandate. In addition, parties to the conflict serve as nexus and amplifiers for the fears of local populations, and neutralizing their negative impact, if not altogether gaining their cooperation, becomes critical to long-term success.

3. Concurrently, the capabilities of the host nation should be assessed and included in the planning process through all stages of the mission. Not fully addressing the integration of the host nation will likely result in a less-than-optimal outcome to the mission, and possibly a return of the UN Security Council to resolve the same issues in the future.

4. Success of modern peacekeeping operations entails comprehensive and thorough planning and preparation at all levels. The planning process should be as comprehensive as possible, and should cover the full range of activities in the mission area. Tasks and requirements should be anticipated.

5. Therefore, it should be understood by all parties that the military is but one component of the modern peace operation, and it needs to work in harmony with the civilian components - UN agencies, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations. Synergy from all components is essential to achieve UN mandates.

6. A well thought out and executed public information campaign is critical to the success of the overall mission. Some parts of the mission, such as the Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration process, require specially tailored public information campaigns to maximize compliance and support.

7. The qualities of leadership are essential to assure quality command and control. The most important qualification for a commander is that he/she be a good communicator. This requires a positive attitude, agreeable personality, ability to work with all of the players, and an understanding of the broad geo-political issues, as well as a thorough understanding of the local issues and historical influences.

8. National interests and personalities will continue to be factors in the execution of every mission. The larger and more complex a mission, the more likely they are to influence outcomes. Therefore the Special Representative to the Secretary general, the Force Commander and others in leadership positions must be prepared to deal with these issues.

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