Group No. 1

After assessing the situation in Tindoro and identifying a desired end state, the objective of the second breakout session is to identify the role of the military and ascertain when the military component of the peacekeeping operation will end.

The product of the first breakout session will be used to identify what specific task the military will play on each activity recognized during Topic 1. From each military task, conditions will be identified to determine the end of the military role. Indicators will be used to gauge the identified condition.

A Measure of Effectiveness (MOE) will then be use to gauge how effective the role of the military was. Caution was advised to the participants. The MOE should be realistically measured and attainable. Reducing the crime rate to zero is not realistically attainable and therefore is not a good MOE. Several conditions and indicators can be used for a single MOE and sometimes there is no MOE for a given condition and indicator.

The group first identified the desired military end state for Tindoro. After which, they again divided themselves into smaller groups to identify the accompanying military task for each activity, enumerating the conditions and indicators for the eventual pull-out of the military after ascertaining measures of effectiveness.

Political

• The identified military task is to provide security and protection for the various meetings prior to the creation of a political structure that will govern the nation. The conditions and indicators also revolved around the military task. The acknowledged measure of effectiveness for the political component is the establishment of the border that clearly divides the two nation, which will result in the eventual pull out of the military from the border.

Security

• The military has several tasks for the security component. The initial task is to provide security and protection before the creation of a police and military force. Once there is a sufficient number of recruits for the local police and military forces, the peacekeepers will then handle the training of the recruits. From time to time the military will give advice. The MOE for this component is the presence of a trained and professional police force and military force that can handle the security needs of the country.

Socio-economic

• The military is to provide security and protection in order to create a favorable atmosphere that will attract aid toward the country. Foreign aid will hasten the construction of infrastructure, like roads, airports, seaports and a railway system, which the military will be, from time to time, requested to safeguard. Improvement in the standard of living of the population and reduction in the poverty level is the measure of effectiveness that encompasses all the conditions and indicators.

Humanitarian

• There are very minimal tasks for the military. They include providing security and logistic support. For the de-mining component, the military will provide training and supervision for the operation to clear unexploded ordinances. The measure of effectiveness for both components is the establishment of a secure environment where people roam on their own free will, with peace along the border and a crime rate that is significantly reduced.
  

Second Breakout Session: Indicators of Measures of Effectiveness
Group No. 2

The 2^nd game topic focused more on the issues regarding military exit strategy, their tasks and possible conditions and indicators of measures of effectiveness. The group used the strategies they enumerated as their tasks. This includes: assumption of responsibilities by the United Nations Security Council Resolution 166 (UNSCR), maintenance of buffer zones, demarcation and establishment of a border, reestablishment of basic services and infrastructure, repatriation of refugees, return of transition areas to respective government, ensure the successful conduct of elections, handover to respective civil authority from the UNMIT and the full withdrawal of United Nations Mission in Tindoro (UNMIT) forces and components. Considering the strategies mentioned, the group came up with a new mission end-state covering all the aspect of the strategies they will be employing. The tasks they enumerated have a corresponding military task, exit strategy conditions, indicators and measures of effectiveness.

Maintaining Buffer Zones

For the task of maintaining the buffer zones, the military has to man the observation posts and spearhead the patrolling of the borders. The following conditions must be met before they will be able to exit: borders must be controlled with both sides (South and North Tindoro) recognizing and respecting the border agreement. This can be indicated by the presence of UNMIT forces.

De-Mining

In the task of de-mining, the military will have to be in charge of the tactical de-mining, and not de-mining for humanitarian purposes, which will be accomplished by others. The tactical de-mining must be completed before the military re-deploys. The time can be indicated by the freedom of movement of the people and increased agricultural activities in areas previously infested with mines.

Establishment of the Rule of Law

For the peacekeepers to fully reestablish the rule of law, the military must be able to provide people with a secure environment. The exit strategy condition includes that the rules must be in place wherein the police force is operating effectively and in accordance with international humanitarian rights. This must also be complimented by effective judicial and prison systems. Indicators may include the existence of courts and secured prisons, increase in crime reports and progress in legal training events.

Demarcation and Establishment of a Border

For the task of demarcating and establishing a border, the military must be able to provide security at the borders until the local force from Tindoro can finally take over. International acknowledgment of the new border, and the border being controlled and demarcated are the conditions for the military to be able to exit. This condition can be indicated by the increasing immigration activities, which means that the border is being recognize not only within Tindoro but also by other countries as well.

Re-establishment of Basic Services

For the task of re-establishing basic services and infrastructure, the military must be able to provide a secure environment and at the same time, provide support on civil-military and engineering operations. The condition for the military is for the country of Tindoro to have in-place the basic infrastructure and the basic services rendered. Services must not only be rendered by the usual areas covered but in the transition areas as well. Indicators for this condition are installed and working electricity, availability of transportation, communication and health facilities, provision of livelihood opportunities and increases in quick-impact projects.

Repatriation of Refugees and Return to Transition Areas

The military task in the repatriation of refugees, and in the return of transition areas to respective countries is the same as in the task of de-mining and in the re-establishment of the rule of order. For the repatriation of refugees, the military must have resettled them and at the same time insure that they have livelihood opportunities. Indicators can be the increase of agricultural and trade activities and an increase in population. For the task of returning the transition areas to the respective governments, the exit strategy condition is that the tactical de-mining must be completed so that they will be assured of security. Another condition is for the government to be capable of accepting the responsibility of the transition process. This is very important, since the success of the entire mission will rely on the success of the transition areas. Indicators include the freedom of the people, effective function of the government, active local leadership and participation of the people, both the majority and the minority.

Ensure the Successful Conduct of Elections

For the task of ensuring the successful conduct of elections the military must be able to provide security, including transportation and logistics support. The exit strategy condition for this condition is for the elected officials to be empowered and accepted by the people. This can be indicated by the presence of a functioning electoral commission, and the voters' participation in the election itself.

Handing Over of Responsibility

On the handing over of the responsibility, the military task is on the training and supervising aspect. They must be able to prepare the local force for the formal withdrawal of the UNMIT forces. Conditions before the military exit includes the presence of an effective local force, existence of an effective government and the international recognition of the newly installed government. This can be indicated by the numerous economic, political and social activities taking place in the country.

UNMITs Full Withdrawal

For UNMITs full withdrawal, the military will just have to help in the extraction and transportation areas. The Government of Tindoro must have assumed full responsibility. The international community will indicate this condition in reports and acknowledgement.

The measures of effectiveness for each of the strategies were indicated in quantity. This can be seen by the group's report. Their over-all military exit strategy will be to reduce the forces by 50% for the first four months, reduce it again by 50% in the next quarter, leaving 25% of the total military personnel. When the mission reaches it final quarter, the remaining 25% of the military personnel can now be redeployed, leaving the local forces in charge and on their own.

Second Breakout Session: Indicators and Measures of Effectiveness
Group No. 3

The group followed the format on the handout for the discussion regarding the definition of "Military Exit Strategy." The members of the group discussed how this definition could be further clarified in order to substantiate the discussions completed for Topic 1.

In creating a framework towards defining military exit strategy, the group discussed how military forces involved in the PKO best support other organizations or players before they depart from the country or region in conflict. The group gave importance to defining the particular roles of the PKO mission by creating a mission statement that provides the broad military vision.

They also discussed briefly the listing of specific conditions that need to be fulfilled by the PKO force in relation to the seven (7) factors, namely Political Resolution, Demilitarization, Basic Needs, Public Security, Governance, Economy, and Civil Society.

To clearly define the overall military exit strategy for the aforementioned factors for the Government of Tindoro (GOT), the group listed five (5) components described in the handout. These are the following: Indicators, Measures of Effectiveness, Who is involved? (lead and support roles), Role of the UN Military and Who will evaluate?

The group arrived at a definition of its Military Exit Strategy by which all the factors will be based on; "The UN military will provide a secure and stable environment until the public security institutions of GOT are self-sufficient."

Political Resolution

For this factor, the group observed the importance of identifying the political structure of the host nation to be able to resolve political issues within the framework of its constitution. There will also be minimal participation of the military at the local elections in terms of physical security and completion of security framework (MOAs/Protocol, etc.), among others.

In the triangular paradigm - which illustrates the agencies involved - the UN Civil Affairs and the GOT share the lead role with the UN Military/Police and Humanitarian and Development organizations acting as support.

Demilitarization

For this factor, the safety considerations of the citizenry were given importance. The group highlighted the reduction of mine casualties and the unexploded ordnance (UXO) as a significant contributor to the freedom of movement by the local citizenry. There can only be normalcy once the areas of movement are secured. It also emphasized that local militiamen need to get back into mainstream society as law-abiding citizens. This will avoid further armed struggle and less dependence for security on UN Military forces.

An effective way by which this can be done is the establishment of an effective Coordination Center wherein the phases of transition involving the UN Military towards a GOT lead force are monitored. The future trend will be that participation and role of civilian affairs will generally increase over military affairs.

Basic Needs of Populace

For the Basic Needs of the Populace factor, the group emphasized the need for providing basic education to the citizenry. Universities and other schools should be reopened. The GOT should also manage the resettlement program of the displaced populace and should provide at least the minimum standards of living.

In the triangular paradigm, the lead role would be the Humanitarian/Development/Financial organizations and the GOT. Equally important as support roles to this component are the UN Military/Police and the UN Civilian Affairs.

Public Security

Some members of the group posed a question during the discussion of this component on whether the UN Police need to be armed. The consensus of the group was that it was dependant on the kind of authority that the local police will display. If the local police will perform incompetently, given the fragile situation in Tindoro, the need for the UN Police to protect the citizenry would have to come in effect.

The lead role would be the UN Police and the GOT, however the military would remain as a standby/quick response force to support the police as required.

Governance

For this factor, the group raised the question as to whether the military should provide the civil affairs roles of the government. The members of the group saw the importance of the military in providing civil affairs assistance to GOT within its force capability.

There should also be infrastructure development within force capability as well as support to the development of the GOT armed forces.

Economic and Civil Society

The Economic and Civil Society components usually take their lead from the other factors mentioned. Once political resolution, demilitarization, basic needs and public security are established, these two components become functional collectively. The role of the UN military for both components are the same, and that is to provide a stable and secure environment. The only difference between the two components is the lead roles of organizations involved.

In the matter of evaluating the desired exit strategy, an Executive Planning Group should be organized. All its functions and responsibilities will supercede the Joint Planning Group. This group will be composed of the Deputy of the Mission and the Deputies of all components. The group will report - via the Coordination Center - the progress of the operations to the Senior Representative to the Secretary General (SRSG) of the UN.