Political
- The
priority is the establishment of a government with
an appropriately regulated border. Structures that
will aid the newly formed government, legitimate security
force, viable justice and a civil administration,
should also be in place. It is important that there
is peace in the region and the minorities are protected.
Security
- There
is a need to establish a well-trained professional
police force that meets the national and international
standards and recognizes human rights and a military
that can meet the security needs of the nation. A
civil administration unit that will manage and train
people who will handle security is also needed.
Socio-Economic
- Restore
basic infrastructures and economic structures and
re-establish basic social services. A viable economy
that meets international standards is also needed.
Humanitarian
- Address
the issue of internally displaced persons, refugees
and others. Facilitate their reconciliation, repatriation,
resettlement and/or integration. Set up an effective
de-mining process.
First
Breakout Session: End-States and Exit Strategies
Group
No. 2
It
is the task of Group 2 to define the end state of Tindoro
and at the same time provide the strategy and timeline
on how to achieve it.
Group
2 agreed that the end-state envisioned by the peacekeeping
mission should provide an environment that is secure
for political, economic and socio-cultural activities.
This is a condition that will enable the recipient country
to sustain the end-state laid out by the peacekeepers.
They intend to achieve their mission in one year.
In
conceptualizing end-states, the following factors were
considered: political resolution, demilitarization,
basic needs of the people, public security, governance,
economy and civil society. The group decided to envision
end-states for each of the given factors.
Taking
into consideration the above given factors, the group
was able to formulate the United Nations Mission of
Tindoro (UNMIT) mission statement, which is, "To
create a secure environment in order to cease hostilities
and establish sustainable peace and stability within
Tindoro."
To
fully accomplish the end-state, basic strategies were
enumerated. The first strategy would be for the United
Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 166 to assume
responsibilities. After this, the establishment and
maintenance of a buffer zone will follow, alongside
with the reestablishment of the rule of law. This will
enable the peacekeeping mission to create an environment
conducive for elections. The election is seen as a strategy
to enable people's participation in nation building.
The reestablishment of the rule of law will also facilitate
the delivery of basic services and construction of necessary
infrastructure that will create an appropriate environment
for the repatriation of refugees and internationally
displaced persons. Transition areas can now be returned
to their respective governments, which would eventually
lead to the full withdrawal of the United Nations Mission
in Tindoro (UNMIT).
Political
Resolution
Political
resolution in Tindoro means that the people will accept
the government in place. It may also mean that the government
was able to convince the militia to shift to fighting
a political battle by creating their own political party.
In international context, this may mean putting regional
pressure on Samagaland regarding its stance on influencing
the militia. In general, national as well as international
politics must play a role in achieving the desired end-state,
which is the democratic representation of all residents
of South Tindoro.
Demilitarization
For
the demilitarization aspect, the establishment of defense
forces to enable them to claim their territory was seen
as an end-state. Regional and international defense
agreements were seen as necessary elements in creating
the defense arrangements of Tindoro.
Basic
Needs
Self-sufficiency
was envisioned as an end-state in addressing the aspect
of basic needs. This means that basic services such
as food, water, livelihood, education and rehabilitation
are efficiently delivered with consistent international
support.
Public
Security
The
law must provide public security. Both the majority
and minority groups must be protected. To insure public
security, police, judicial and prison systems must be
reestablished and function effectively.
Governance
The
government system must include the transition areas
so as to involve them in the electoral process. An election
is necessary because it establishes a democratic government
that will respond and cater to the people's needs. The
government in return will be responsible for the administration
of social services.
Economy
The
revival of the economy through the establishment of
a free market, employment opportunities, trade and investment
and industries is seen as a pre-condition to achieving
a viable and sustainable economy, an end-state for the
economy of Tindoro.
Civil
Society
The
active participation of civil society in nation building
is also seen as an end state for Tindoro. To achieve
it, the following conditions must be instituted: freedom
of speech, recognition of indigenous non-government
organizations and the transition from emergency relief
to reconstruction.
Throughout
the mission, peacekeepers must be able to know when
to proceed with their plan. Conditions and situations
must be carefully analyzed so as to make appropriate
decisions, especially when to proceed with the mission
and what needs to be changed.
The
end-state mentioned for the seven factors must be achieved
before the peacekeeping mission redeploys, for it is
their mission to provide Tindoro with the appropriate
environment to rebuild their nation. The end of the
mission only signifies the start of the work of the
people of Tindoro. It will now be their responsibility
to sustain the end-states carefully laid out by the
mission. The collaborative effort of the people, especially
those in the transition areas, will play a crucial role
in sustaining the end-states. And at the same time,
they would have need of support from the international
community. The relationship of Tindoro with its neighboring
countries will enable it to carry out development plans.
Peacekeeping must embrace a collaborative approach,
since all aspects are interrelated.
First
Breakout Session: States and Exit Strategies
Group
No. 3
The
group followed the prescribed format for the discussion
for Topic 1 on the definition of "End State."
They discussed outlined several definitions and came
up with the following statement: "Enabling the
Government of Tindoro (GOT) to achieve self-governance
by attaining a level of peace order, internal/external
security and socio-political-economic stability conducive
to development."
The
assumptions that were presented are the following:
- Reasonable
political will of the parties to resolve the issues;
- Sustained
financial commitment and;
- Continued
authorization by Security Council.
The
general vision of End State was then utilized with respect
to the different factors that the GOT needs to rebuild
and develop, such as Political Resolution, Demilitarization,
Basic Needs, Public Security, Governance, Economy, and
Civil Society.
Political
Resolution
In
this component, there is no exact solution that can
solve the various setbacks that the GOT is confronting.
The problems can only be mitigated through the implementation
of various workable end-states. Idealistic statements
need to be avoided and should be transform into implementable
pronouncements.
Demilitarization
It
was noted in this component that if local people were
empowered to assist in the rehabilitation and development
of the affected area, it would make the work of various
actors of the mission easier. There was also emphasis
on the program to disarm, demobilize and reintegrate
(DD&R) the militias so that there would be effective
control of all forces.
Basic
Needs of Populace
The
participants took up the question regarding the concept
of human rights during this discussion. Are human rights
basic needs or self-actualization? The participants
also discussed the concept of education and whether
it was also considered a basic need of an individual
or an element of civil society.
Public
Security
Regarding
this component, the group members agreed that that local
police have to initially ensure the observance of the
peace agreement before any effective police-civil relations
could take place. It was also suggested that the UN
police will monitor and guide the local police for about
three to four months and should also be able to secure
peace and order as soon as they arrive.
Governance
The
highlight of this component is the importance of empowering
all government institutions to be able to perform their
mandated tasks and responsibilities to fully guarantee
an effective civil service. There should be a collaborative
effort between these institutions and the coalition
of foreign groups involved in the operation.
Economy
In
this component, the protection of banks " in terms
of physical safekeeping and protection of investment
" is of paramount importance before any economic
activity could proceed and develop. Another point raised
was the creation of livelihood for the citizenry and
to be able to sustain this success over a period of
time.
Civil
Society
This
component calls for each country's constitution to provide
for the basic fundamental rights of each individual.
It was also noted that Non-Government Organizations
(NGOs) should develop a strong network in the area.
They should also be upright in their work. Integrated
approaches should be realistic in their timeline for
rehabilitation and relief operations, taking into consideration
the political and physical set-up of the country or
area in conflict.
Broad
Strategy
In
the development of the broad strategy in achieving the
mission, the participants observe that the initial timeframe
for the various operations are not in consonance with
the actual operations on the ground. There are gaps
in the different phases of the operations that need
to be properly modified and structured in order to prevent
resource waste.
The
overlapping of functions between the Multi-National
Force (MNF) and the UN-led military forces is another
main point discussed. There was a general consensus
that before the MNF leaves the country or area in conflict,
there should be stand-by duration of at least three
months before they depart. This is important as to facilitate
a smooth and efficient transition of peacekeeping operations.
